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Calvatia craniiformis
''Calvatia craniiformis'', commonly known as the brain puffball or the skull-shaped puffball, is a species of puffball fungus in the family Agaricaceae. It is found in Asia, Australia, and North America, where it grows on the ground in open woods. Its name, derived from the same Latin root as ''cranium'', alludes to its resemblance to an animal's brain. The skull-shaped fruit body is broad by tall and white to tan. Initially smooth, the skin (peridium) develops wrinkles and folds as it matures, cracking and flaking with age. The peridium eventually sloughs away, exposing a powdery yellow-brown to greenish-yellow spore mass (the gleba). The puffball is edible when the gleba is still white and firm, before it matures to become yellow-brown and powdery. Mature specimens have been used in the traditional or folk medicines of China, Japan, and the Ojibwe as a hemostatic or wound dressing agent. Several bioactive compounds have been isolated and identified from the brain puffball.
==Taxonomy==
The species was first described as ''Bovista craniiformis'' by Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1832.〔 Elias Fries transferred it to the then newly circumscribed genus ''Calvatia'' in 1849,〔 setting ''Calvatia craniiformis'' as the type and only species. Scott Bates and colleagues suggest that the name is synonymous with ''Lycoperdon delicatum'' published by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis in 1873 (not the ''L. delicatum'' published by Berkeley in 1854), as is ''Lycoperdon missouriense'' published by William Trelease in 1891.〔Bates ''et al''. (2009), p. 170.〕 The form ''C. craniiformis'' f. ''gardneri'', published by Yosio Kobayasi in 1932 (originally ''Lycoperdon gardneri'' Berk. 1875),〔 since been elevated to the distinct species ''Calvatia gardneri''.〔
In their 1962 monograph on North American ''Calvatia'', mycologists Sanford Myron Zeller and Alexander H. Smith set ''C. craniiformis'' as the type species of the stirps (a grouping of related species) ''Craniiformis'', containing species with a large sterile base and a persistent cottony gleba. Other species they included in this stirps were ''C. umbrina'', ''C. diguetti'', ''C. lycoperdoides'', ''C. rubroflava'', ''C. ochrogleba'', ''C. excipuliformis'' (since transferred by some authorities to ''Handkea''), and ''C. elata''.〔
''Calvatia craniiformis'' is commonly known as the "brain-shaped puffball"〔 or the "skull-shaped puffball".〔 The specific epithet ''craniiformis'' derives from the Ancient Greek words ''cranion'', meaning "brain", and ''forma'', "a form".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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